Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that can lead to diabetic coma (passing out for a long time) or even death.
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic. They are a warning sign that your diabetes is out of control or that you are getting sick.
High levels of ketones can poison the body. When levels get too high, you can develop DKA. DKA may happen to anyone with diabetes, though it is rare in people with type 2.
Treatment for DKA usually takes place in the hospital. But you can help prevent it by learning the warning signs and checking your urine and blood regularly.
What are the Warning Signs of DKA?
DKA usually develops slowly. But when vomiting occurs, this life-threatening condition can develop in a few hours. Early symptoms include the following:
- Thirst or a very dry mouth
- Frequent urination
- High blood glucose (blood sugar) levels
- High levels of ketones in the urine
Then, other symptoms appear:
- Constantly feeling tired
- Dry or flushed skin
- Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain
(Vomiting can be caused by many illnesses, not just ketoacidosis. If vomiting continues for more than 2 hours, contact your health care provider.) - Difficulty breathing
- Fruity odour on breath
- A hard time paying attention, or confusion
Ketoacidosis (DKA) is dangerous and serious. If you have any of the above symptoms, contact your healthcare provider IMMEDIATELY, or go to the nearest emergency room of your local hospital.
How Do I Check for Ketones?
You can detect ketones with a simple urine test using a test strip, similar to a blood testing strip. Ask your health care provider when and how you should test for ketones. Many experts advise to check your urine for ketones when your blood glucose is more than 14 mmol/L.
Check your ketones every 4-6 hours:
- When you are ill (when you have a cold or the flu, for example), check for ketones every 4 to 6
- When your blood sugar is more than 14 mmol/L
- When you have any symptoms of DKA
What If I Find Higher-Than-Normal Levels of Ketones?
If your health care provider has not told you what levels of ketones are dangerous, then call when you find moderate amounts after more than one test. Often, your health care provider can tell you what to do over the phone.
Call your health care provider at once or visit your nearest Emergency Department if you experience the following conditions:
- Your urine tests show high levels of ketones
- Your urine tests show high levels of ketones and your blood sugar level is high
- Your urine tests show high levels of ketones and you have vomited more than twice in four hours
Do not exercise when your urine tests show ketones and your blood sugar is high. This can mean your diabetes is out of control. Check with your healthcare provider about how to handle this situation.
What Causes DKA?
Here are three basic reasons for moderate or large amounts of ketones:
- Not enough insulin. Maybe you did not inject enough insulin. Or your body needs more insulin than usual because of illness.
- Not enough food. When you're sick, you often don't feel like eating, sometimes resulting in high ketone levels. High levels may also occur when you miss a meal.
- Insulin reaction (low blood sugar). If testing shows high ketone levels in the morning, you may have had an insulin reaction while asleep.